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Introduction

On the third Monday in January , Americans celebrate Martin Luther King Day . We honor a great African American leader who worked for freedom for all people Who was this man who has a national holiday in his name？

介绍

在一月的第三个星期一，美国人庆祝马丁·路德·金纪念日。我们向一位伟大的非裔美国领导人致敬，他为所有人的自由而努力。这个以他的名义有一个全国性节日的人是谁?

Growing Up in the South

Martin Luther King Jr . was born in Atlanta ,Georgia , on January 15 , 1929 . His father was a Baptist minister , and his mother was a teacher.Martin grew up in a busy and loving family .He and his sister and brother studied , took music lessons , and played sports.

In the South . African Americans had always lived under laws that were unfair to them . Before the Civil War . most blacks had been slaves to white owners . During this war ,President Abraham Lincoln granted freedom to slaves by passing a special law . But even though black people were freed from slavery ,southern lawmakers passed new laws to keep them separated , or segregated , from white people.

在南方长大

马丁·路德·金。1929年1月15日出生于佐治亚州亚特兰大。他的父亲是浸礼会牧师，母亲是一名教师。马丁在一个繁忙而充满爱的家庭中长大。他和他的姐姐和哥哥学习，上音乐课，参加体育运动。

在南方。非裔美国人一直生活在对他们不公平的法律之下。内战之前。大多数黑人都是白人主人的奴隶。在这场战争中，亚伯拉罕·林肯总统通过了一项特别法律，赋予奴隶自由。但是，尽管黑人从奴隶制中解放出来，南方立法者还是通过了新的法律，将他们与白人分开或隔离。

These laws , called Jim Crow laws , deprived blacks of many rights . Black children went to separate , poorer schools than white children.On buses , blacks had to sit in the back seats -and give up those seats if whites wanted them . Blacks were forced to use public drinking fountains and restrooms marked"For Colored Only ". ( In earlier days , African Americans were called " Colored" . ) Whit epeople used drinking fountains and restrooms that were marked " For Whites Only." 

As Martin grew up , he learned from his parents and his teachers that the laws calling for segregation were unfair . African Americans were suffering from not having equal rights . Many of them were poor and could not find jobs . Martin wanted to help African American people gain full freedom and civil rights.

这些被称为吉姆·克劳法的法律剥夺了黑人的许多权利。黑人孩子上的学校比白人孩子更穷。在公交车上，黑人不得不坐在后座上——如果白人想要，他们就放弃这些座位。黑人被迫使用标有“仅供有色人种使用”的公共饮水机和洗手间。（在早期，非裔美国人被称为“有色人种”。）白人使用标有“仅供白人使用”的饮水机和洗手间

随着马丁的成长，他从父母和老师那里了解到，要求种族隔离的法律是不公平的。非裔美国人因为没有平等的权利而痛苦。他们中的许多人很穷，找不到工作。马丁想帮助非裔美国人获得充分的自由和公民权利。

Martin was a bright student . At age fifteen he went to college near his home in Atlanta.He then went north to continue his religious education . He decided when he was nineteen that he would be a Baptist minister like his father . He had read about Mohandas Gandhi, the great leader from India . Gandhi believed in using love , not hate , to stop injustice.Martin decided that he , too , wanted to useeaceful , nonviolent ways to help people.

While he was up north , Martin met his future wife , Coretta Scott . She was studying to become a singer . On their first date , Martin told Coretta he wanted to marry her . He liked her for her beliefs and her commitment to equality , as well as her beauty . In the summer of 1953 , they got married . A year later , Martin took his first preaching job at a Baptist church in Montgomery , Alabama.

马丁是个聪明的学生。十五岁时，他在亚特兰大家附近上了大学。然后他北上继续他的宗教教育。19岁时，他决定要像父亲一样做一名浸礼会牧师。他读过关于印度伟大领袖莫罕达斯·甘地的文章。甘地相信用爱而不是仇恨来阻止不公正。马丁决定，他也想用和平、非暴力的方式来帮助人们。

当他在北方时，马丁遇到了他未来的妻子科瑞塔·斯科特。她正在学习成为一名歌手。在他们第一次约会时，马丁告诉科瑞塔他想娶她。他喜欢她的信仰、对平等的承诺以及她的美丽。1953年夏天，他们结婚了。一年后，马丁在阿拉巴马州蒙哥马利的一家浸礼会教堂开始了他的第一份传教工作。

Starting His Work

In 1954 , the United States Supreme Court ruled that schools could no longer be segregated , or divided , by race . The Court ordered schools to integrate so that different races could attend the same school . With this important ruling , African Americans became very hopeful that they could change society. Martin and other leaders encouraged people to work together peacefully to win civil rights for everyone , no matter their race or religion.

But some white people were not happy with the Supreme Court ruling . They fought integrated schools . A group of white people called the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) tried to prevent blacks from having equal rights.Members of the KKK wore white robes and hoods to hide their faces . Their actions were often violent . Many other white people ,while not violent , opposed integration as well . Yet many other whites around the country supported integration and fullequality for blacks . Some worked along with blacks to gain civil rights.

开始他的工作

1954年，美国最高法院裁定，学校不能再按种族隔离或划分。法院命令学校合并，以便不同种族的学生可以就读于同一所学校。有了这一重要裁决，非裔美国人对自己能够改变社会充满希望。马丁和其他领导人鼓励人们和平合作，为每个人赢得公民权利，无论他们的种族或宗教。

但一些白人对最高法院的裁决并不满意。他们反对综合学校。一群被称为三K党的白人试图阻止黑人享有平等权利。三K党成员穿着白色长袍和头巾遮住脸。他们的行为往往是暴力的。许多其他白人虽然不暴力，但也反对融合。然而，全国各地的许多其他白人支持黑人的融合和完全平等。一些人与黑人一起争取公民权利。

In December 1955 , something important happened in Montgomery , where Martin and his family were living . A black woman named Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man . She was arrested . The black citizens of the city were outraged and they decided to protest . They refused to ride city buses because they wanted an end to segregation on the buses . This kind of protest , in which people refuse to participate in something in order to force a change , is calleda boycott . It is a peaceful means of protest.

Martin became the leader of the Montgomery bus boycott . People supported the boycott by walking or carpooling , but they would not ride the buses . The boycott went on for over a year. The city would not change the segregation law.Many angry threats were made to Martin and his family . Once , their house was bombed . No one was hurt . but Martin realized that he and his family were in danger . In November 1956 ,the boycott ended in victory for the African American community . Soon after that victory the Supreme Court ruled that Alabama could no longer segregate riders on buses.

1955年12月，马丁和他的家人居住的蒙哥马利发生了一件大事。一位名叫罗莎·帕克斯的黑人妇女在公交车上拒绝给一位白人男子让座。她被逮捕了。这个城市的黑人市民非常愤怒，他们决定抗议。他们拒绝乘坐城市公交车，因为他们希望结束公交车上的种族隔离。这种抗议活动，即人们拒绝参与某些事情以迫使改变，被称为抵制。这是一种和平的抗议方式。

马丁成为了蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动的领导者。人们通过步行或拼车来支持抵制，但他们不会乘坐公交车。抵制活动持续了一年多。这座城市不会改变种族隔离法。马丁和他的家人遭到了许多愤怒的威胁。有一次，他们的房子被炸了。没有人受伤。但马丁意识到他和他的家人处于危险之中。1956年11月，抵制运动以非裔美国人社区的胜利告终。获胜后不久，最高法院裁定阿拉巴马州不能再对公交车上的乘客进行隔离。

Marches and Struggles

Still , violence against African Americans continued in the South . Several churches were firebombed in Montgomery . Martin spoke out, saying , " We will not hate you , but we will not obey your evil laws." Courageous blacks started to test the unfair laws of segregation . In 1960 , small groups ,often students , began sit-ins at lunch counters where only white people could be served( During a sit-in people sit somewhere and refuse to move as a form of peaceful protest.) While the blacks sat in their seats , angry whites often pushed or beat them . But in time ,the sit-ins were successful . By the end of the year , more than a hundred Southern towns had integrated their lunch counters.

The next vear , a group of black and white Americans called the Freedom Riders together on buses through the Southern states.They wanted to test the new law banning segregation . When they got to Alabama violent gangs of Southerners , including members of the KKK , burned the buses and attacked the riders . The local police didnt offer much protection , and many people were hurt . Finally , the federal government in Washington , D . C , sent in 500 U . S.  troops toput a stop to the violence.

游行与斗争

尽管如此，针对非裔美国人的暴力行为在南部仍在继续。蒙哥马利的几座教堂遭到燃烧弹袭击。马丁直言不讳地说：“我们不会恨你，但我们不会遵守你的邪恶法律。”勇敢的黑人开始测试不公平的种族隔离法律。1960年，通常是学生的小团体开始在午餐柜台静坐，那里只能接待白人（静坐期间，人们坐在某个地方，拒绝移动，以此作为和平抗议的一种形式。）当黑人坐在座位上时，愤怒的白人经常推或打他们。但最终，静坐还是成功了。到今年年底，一百多个南方城镇已经整合了午餐柜台。

第二年，一群美国黑人和白人在穿过南部各州的公交车上一起叫“自由骑士”。他们想测试禁止种族隔离的新法律。当他们到达阿拉巴马州时，包括KKK成员在内的南方暴力团伙烧毁了公交车并袭击了乘客。当地警方没有提供太多保护，许多人受伤。最后，华盛顿特区的联邦政府。C，发送500 U。美国军队停止了暴力。

"I have a Dream"

President Kennedy spoke out in support of civil rights . He said it was time for all citizens to be free . Much encouraged , Martin called for a march on Washington , D . C , for August 28 ,1963 . More than 250,000 black and white Americans walked from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial . They marched for freedom , rights , and dignity for all people . The cheering crowd heard Martin give his famous " I Have a Dream " speech. He shared his dream that one day . people of all colors would live together peacefully and be " free at last" from judgment or mistreatment because of their skin color.

In April 1963 , Martin helped organize protests and marches in Birmingham to stop segregation in the city . During one protest ,the marchers were met by Police Chief " Bull" Connor and his men Attack dogs were setloose on the marchers , even on children . The marchers were sprayed with high-pressure firehoses . Many were seriously injured . More than 3,000 African Americans were arrested and Jailed . President Kennedy sent U . S. troopsto Birmingham to stop the violence . Finally,the city ended its segregation laws . Television and newspaper reports of the violence in Birmingham made more and more people aware of the unfair and harsh treatment of African Americans . It brought more attention to the need for equal rights for all people.

“我有一个梦想”

肯尼迪总统公开表示支持公民权利。他说，现在是所有公民获得自由的时候了。马丁深受鼓舞，呼吁在华盛顿特区举行游行。C，1963年8月28日。超过25万名美国黑人和白人从华盛顿纪念碑走到林肯纪念堂。他们为所有人的自由、权利和尊严而游行。欢呼的人群听到了马丁著名的“我有一个梦想”演讲。有一天，他分享了自己的梦想。所有肤色的人都会和平地生活在一起，“终于自由了”，不会因为他们的肤色而受到评判或虐待。

1963年4月，马丁帮助组织了伯明翰的抗议和游行，以阻止该市的种族隔离。在一次抗议活动中，游行者遇到了警察局长“Bull”Connor和他的手下。攻击犬被放在游行者身上，甚至放在儿童身上。游行者被高压消防水管喷射。许多人受了重伤。3000多名非裔美国人被捕入狱。肯尼迪总统派美国。前往伯明翰制止暴力。最后，这座城市结束了种族隔离法。电视和报纸对伯明翰暴力事件的报道使越来越多的人意识到非裔美国人受到的不公平和严厉的待遇。它使人们更加关注所有人享有平等权利的必要性。

Sadly , three months later , President Kennedy was assassinated . But the Civil Rights Act , which he supported and which ended segregation in all public buildings ,became law in 1964.

The next struggle for blacks was for voting rights . In the South , some whites made it nearly impossible for many blacks to vote . In some places , they charged a special tax many poor people could not afford . Those who failed to pay the tax were not allowed to vote.

不幸的是，三个月后，肯尼迪总统遇刺身亡。但他支持的《民权法案》于1964年成为法律，该法案结束了所有公共建筑中的种族隔离。

黑人的下一场斗争是争取投票权。在南方，一些白人使得许多黑人几乎不可能投票。在一些地方，他们征收了许多穷人负担不起的特殊税。那些没有缴纳税款的人不被允许投票。

In Selma , Alabama , Martin led long lines of African Americans to the registration offices.He was arrested for his action and later released . Then the marchers started marching on the road from Selma to Montgomery . They wanted to present a complaint to the governor of Alabama , George C . Wallace . But he ordered the march stopped . The marchers continued and were stopped by state troopers who used tear gas and clubs to stop the marchers . The day is remembered as Bloody Sunday . Later , on August 6 , 1965 , with the support of President Johnson , the Voting Rights Act was passed in Washington , D . C. It was a great victory for all people.

One Last March

In 1968 , Martin planned a Poor Peoples Campaign . The goal was to get better homes ,schools , and jobs for poor people of all races and backgrounds . That spring , he went to help out on a strike held by the garbage collectors in Memphis , Tennessee . ( During a strike , workers refuse to work until they win better wages or working conditions . ) While in Memphis , Martin was killed by an assassins bullet . He died on April 4 , 1968 , at the age of thirty-nine.

在阿拉巴马州塞尔玛，马丁带领非洲裔美国人排起长队前往登记处。他因其行为被捕，随后获释。然后，游行者开始在从塞尔玛到蒙哥马利的路上游行。他们想向阿拉巴马州州长乔治·C提出申诉。华莱士。但他下令停止游行。游行者仍在继续，被州警用催泪瓦斯和棍棒阻止。这一天被人们铭记为血腥星期天。后来，1965年8月6日，在约翰逊总统的支持下，《投票权法案》在华盛顿特区获得通过。这对所有人来说都是一场伟大的胜利。

去年三月的一次

1968年，马丁策划了一场穷人运动。目标是为所有种族和背景的穷人提供更好的住房、学校和工作。那年春天，他去帮助田纳西州孟菲斯市的垃圾收集者举行罢工。（在罢工期间，工人们拒绝工作，直到他们获得更好的工资或工作条件。）在孟菲斯，马丁被刺客的子弹击中身亡。他于1968年4月4日去世，享年39岁。

The whole world mourned the death of this great man . Martin Luther King Jr is remembered for making real the dream of equality . He is remembered as a man of peace and a champion of rights and freedom forpeople of every color.

全世界哀悼这位伟人的逝世。马丁·路德·金因为实现了平等的梦想而被人们铭记。人们铭记他是一个和平的人，是各种肤色人民权利和自由的捍卫者。

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